Competitive sport is a zero-sum game where some athletes make the cut, and others do not; someone wins, and others lose. In a zero-sum competition, the inclusion of male-bodied athletes in women’s sport inevitably means that females lose out.

As the number of male-bodied athletes seeking to compete on women’s teams and in women’s events grows, the risks to female athletes also grow. Claims to the contrary deny science, defy logic, and undermine Title IX.

In the Second Edition of Competition: Title IX, Male-Bodied Athletes, and the Threat To Women’s Sports, Independent Women’s Law Center and Independent Women’s Forum synthesize the science and explain the changing legal landscape of American sports.